Everything about James Stuart 1713-1788 totally explained
James "Athenian" Stuart (
1713 -
2 February 1788) was an
English archaeologist,
architect and
artist best known for his central role in pioneering
Neoclassicism.
Life
Early life
Stuart was born in 1713 in Creed Lane,
Ludgate Street,
London, to a
Scottish sailor who died when he was young. Proving a talented artist while his family was in poverty, he was apprenticed to a
fan painter to support the family financially. However, in around 1742, he was able to travel to Italy (albeit on foot) for his artistic improvement, working there as a
cicerone and a painter, learning Latin, Italian and Greek, and studying Italian and Roman art and architecture. There he produced his first major work, his illustrated treatise on the
Egyptian obelisk of
Psammetichus II within A. M. Bandini's
De obelisco Caesaris Augusti, and met
Nicholas Revett, a young
East Anglian nobleman and amateur architect on his
Grand Tour.
Naples and Greece
In
1748 Stuart joined Revett,
Gavin Hamilton and the architect
Matthew Brettingham the younger on a trip to
Naples to study the ancient ruins and, from there, under the auspices of the
Society of Dilettanti of
London, they traveled through the Balkans (stopping at
Pula) to
Greece. Visiting
Salonica,
Athens, and an
Ionic temple on the
River Ilissus among others, they made accurate measurements and drawings of the ancient ruins.
Antiquities of Athens
Stuart and Revett returned to London in 1755 and published their work,
The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece, in 1762. There were more than five hundred subscribers to its first volume and, although few of the subscribers were architects or builders, thus limiting its impact as a design sourcebook, it later helped fuel the
Greek Revival in European architecture. Its illustrations were among the first of their kind and the work was welcomed by antiquaries, scholars, and gentleman amateurs.
Work in England
On his return to England, he also acted as an interior designer, medal designer, and architect, creating the first
tripod in metal since antiquity, building and remodelling country houses, garden buildings, and town houses (eg
Shugborough Hall,
Hagley Hall,
Spencer House), creating book illustrations, designing commemorative medals and tomb monuments, and being appointed Surveyor to the
Royal Naval Hospital, Greenwich.
Later life
Stuart's more and more chaotic business practices (possibly to be explained by his chronic
gout and deteriorating health, and to his coming into a private fortune - a contemporary report on his death in The World stated that "unexpectedly to most people, [he] has died possessed of much property, chiefly on mortgage on new buildings in
Marybone") attracted adverse comment from the late 1760s. By the early 1780s, his devoting the afternoons not to business but to drinking (sources state he "regularly frequented a public-house on the north side of
Leicester-fields, of the sign of the feathers" and that "his face declared him to be fond of what is called friendly society" - J. T. Smith, Nollekens and his Times, 1929, 27) and playing skittles was even commented on by his friends. Enemies even accused him of '
Epicurianism' in reference to his alcoholism and recent second marriage at 67 to Elizabeth, a maidservant of 20, by whom he'd five children, of whom two died before him. (His first marriage had been to someone described in different places as his housekeeper and as a ‘Grecian lady’.)
Stuart continued to work on and off, and returned to working on
The Antiquities of Athens, though it was still unfinished at the time of his death in 1788, with the final volume only appearing in 1816, when the Greek Revival it had fostered was starting to become the dominant force in British architecture. He died suddenly on 2 February 1788 at his house on the south side of Leicester Square, London and was buried in the crypt of nearby
St Martin-in-the-Fields.
His London buildings played some part in popularising Neo-classical taste.
The Antiquities of Athens allowed architects, sculptors and designers in Europe and America for the first time to use Neo-Classicism without having to go to Greece themselves and acted as a sourcebook for them for the next two centuries. The first
retrospective on his life and works was held at the
Victoria and Albert Museum in Spring 2007.
James Stuart, Critical observations on the buildings and improvements of London (London, 1771). ISBN 0404701892 (1992 reprint edition.)Further Information
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